Difference between revisions of "Kircherian Museum"
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| + | ==='''Introduction'''=== | ||
| + | The '''Kircherian Museum''', thus named after its first curator, the Jesuit Father Athanasius Kircher, was an encyclopedic collection established at the Roman College in 1651 as a requisite for receiving the legacy bequeathed by the patrician Alfonso Donnino.<noinclude><ref> [[AKC Bibliography 0070 ]]</ref></noinclude> The museum became relatively famous in its time <noinclude><ref> Mentions to Athanasius Kircher and his museum can be found in several published guides to Rome, travel journals and other visit accounts. Some examples are: [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0399]]; [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0400 ]]; [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0401]]; [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0402]]; [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0403]]; [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0404]]; [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0405]]</ref></noinclude> | ||
| + | and is often mentioned in current literature as an example of Early Modern ''Wunderkammer'' or ''Curiosity Cabinet''.<noinclude><ref> This accessment can be traced back, in most cases, to the fundamental work by Julius von Schlosser, [[Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0195 ]] </ref></noinclude><br > | ||
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! style="width: 250px; padding: 10px; text-align: center" | <big>'''Correspondence'''</big> | ! style="width: 250px; padding: 10px; text-align: center" | <big>'''Correspondence'''</big> | ||
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| + | ==='''The museum under Kircher'''=== | ||
| + | Donnino’s endowment consisted of his personal ''galleria'' which was said to have occupied five large rooms in the ''Palazzo dei Conservatori'' at ''Campidoglio'' in Rome.<noinclude><ref> [[Bibliography:AHSI_150_1057 ]], p. 16.</ref></noinclude> According to the donation documents, it included “statue, mascheroni, idoli, quadri, armi, pitture, tavole di marmo e di altra materia preziosa, vasi di vetro e cristallo, instrumenti musicali, piatti dipinti, diverse sorti di pietre e fragmenti di antichità”. <noinclude><ref>APUG, Ms. 35 VII c, c. 2r ([[Page:Notizie_circa_la_Galleria_del_Collegio_Romano.djvu/3|Link to transcription]])</ref>.<br> | ||
| − | + | Besides the articles from Donnino’s gallery, the Kircherian Museum incorporated other groups of objects already assembled at the Roman College, most notably a collection of instruments and manuscripts used for the advanced teaching of Mathematics known as ''musaeum mathematicum'', initially organized by the Jesuit Christophorus Clavius, who had been a professor at the institution.<noinclude><ref> [[Bibliography:AHSI 156 665 ]], p.240. </ref></noinclude> By the time of Donnino’s donation<ref>''Alfonso Donnino lascia in eredità ai Gesuiti del Collegio Romano la sua collezione antiquaria e chiede di essere tumulato nella chiesa di S. Ignazio''. 07/may/1651. In: [[AKC Bibliography 0070]], p. 324.</ref></noinclude>, the ''musaeum mathematicum'' was under the care of Athanasius Kircher, who had enlarged it with his own inventions and frequently made use of the devices in demonstrations to students, scholars and external visitors. The Kircherian Museum collection was complemented by other items of ''naturalia'' and ''artificialia'', either sent by fellow Jesuits, from Europe and abroad, or gifted by patrons and contributors throughout its existence. <br> | |
| − | and | + | </onlyinclude> |
| − | + | An overall picture of the collection can be grasped from the catalogue published in 1678, from the press of [[Janssonius_van_Waesberge,_Johannes|Joannes Jansson van Waesberghe]] in Amsterdam, written by Giorgio de Sepi<ref> For information on de Sepi, see the introductory study by Tina Asmussen, Lucas Burkart and Hole Rößler in the [[Bibliography:AKC_Bibliography_0417|2019 edition of ''Musaeum Celeberrimum'']].</ref>, with the supervision of Kircher himself. The title of the catalogue was ''Romani Collegii Societatis Jesu Musaeum Celeberrimum''<ref>''Romani Collegii Societatis Jesu Musaeum celeberrimum'' on [https://archive.org/details/gri_33125012933277/mode/2up Internet Archive].</ref> and its fully readable on GATE at [[Index:Romani Collegii Societatis Jesu Musaeum Celeberrimum 1678.pdf|this link]] (with full-text search available). An Italian translation was edited by Eugenio Lo Sardo in ''Il museo del Collegio Romano di Athanasius Kircher'' (Napoli, 2005). More recently, a facsimile edition accompanied by an English translation was published in 2015 <ref> ''The celebrated Museum of the Roman College of the Society of Jesus : a facsimile of the 1678 Amsterdam edition of Giorgio de Sepi's description of Athanasius Kircher's Museum "Musæum celeberrimum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu"''. Translation by Anastasi Callinicos and Daniel Höhr; annotations by Jane Stevenson; editions and afterword by Peter Davidson. Published by St Omers Press, Stonyhurst and Saint Joseph's University Press, Philadelphia.</ref> and in 2019 a new German edition, accompanied by a substantial introductory study <ref> ''Hauptwerke. Band 11: Musaeum Celeberrimum (ed. Georgius de Sepibus). - Vita Patris Athanasii Kircheri.'' Edited by Anne Eusterschulte, Olaf Breidbach and Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann. [[2019 edition of ''Musaeum Celeberrimum'']]</ref>. <br> | |
| − | + | ==='''The museum after Kircher'''=== | |
| − | + | After Kircher death in 1680, the curation of the museum was left vacant for almost two decades. Accounts from the period suggest that this resulted in a decline and dispersion of the collection due to the lack of surveillance, maintenance, and organization. In 1698 another Jesuit, Filippo Bonanni, was appointed to take charge of the museum, enlarging the collection and rearranging the objects in a different site at the Roman College. This new conception of the collection was described in the [[Musaeum Kircherianum]], a work by Bonanni printed in 1709.<br> | |
| − | + | Later, around 1716, Bonanni wrote a report to his superiors in which he recalled the story of the institution and described all the actions taken in the previous two decades to save and reorganize the museum. The goal of the document, titled ''Notizie circa la Galleria del Collegio Romano'', was to secure an annual income for the museum to avoid its decline, as had happened immediately after Kircher death. Two copies of the report - an early draft [APUG 35 VII (c)] and a calligraphic copy [APUG 895 f. 84r-101v]- are currently preserved at APUG, while another can be found at ARSI [Rom. 138, f. 172-189]]. The digitization and transcription of the draft is also available here on GATE at [[Index:Notizie_circa_la_Galleria_del_Collegio_Romano.djvu|this link]]. <br> | |
| + | From the moment of the suppression of the Jesuit Society in 1773 the collection of the Kircherian Museum went through drastic transformation. After 1870, it was eventually seized by the Italian State, which incorporated different groups of objects into newly created, specialized museums, such as the National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography organized by Luigi Pigorini in 1876. A group of scientific objects then known as the “Kircherian Physics Cabinet” was donated to the Liceo Ennio Quirino Visconti (located to this day in the building previously occupied by the Roman College), carrying the name of Kircherian Museum. <br> | ||
| − | + | ==='''Other documents in APUG'''=== | |
| + | Besides the correspondence and works related to the period of Kircher's curatorship, APUG holds several other documents associated to the Roman College museum. <br> | ||
| + | A number of letters received by Bonanni, [https://manus.iccu.sbn.it/cnmd/0000223574 APUG 577.III], includes descriptions of archaeological discoveries in Italy and findings that were sent to Bonanni to form part of the collection. For example, in a letter dated 3 December 1731 [APUG 577.III, f. 109r-109v], Filippo Neri promises to send some ‘ossa di Gigante’ and suggests putting them in a box covered by some Etruscan vases in order to not attract attention while going through customs. The Collegio also appears to have been a hub for the distribution of antiquarian publications. On 27 March 1725, Francesco Ficoroni writes to Bonanni [APUG 577.III, f. 124] to order four books, including two copies of Il Tempio Vaticano (Carlo Fontana, 1694) and a copy of Bonanni’s Gabinetto Armonico (1722).<br> | ||
| − | + | <br> | |
| + | The manuscript bundle [https://manus.iccu.sbn.it/cnmd/0000222956 APUG 35] contains many records of the management of the museum, mostly dated from the 19th century. APUG 35 VII (a) is a copy of an Apostolic Brief issued by Clement XI in 1702 confirming the privileges of the College and the Museum. Among the documents in folder APUG 35 I, there is a request made by the Jesuit Provincial in 1839 for the regular submission of the Museum’s accounts, whereas APUG VII (i) is a ledger for the period from 1846 to 1870 in compliance to that request. The bundle also includes a list of accessions to the museum dated 18 May 1895, as well as a number of bills for works and furnishing in the museum, mainly during the 1850s and 1860s.<br> | ||
| + | In addition, APUG 35 II is an undated catalogue of the Museum attributed to Tongiorgio Francesco, organized by class of material, presently consisting of unbound sheets held in different folders: lists minerals; lists statuary, lamps and candelabra; lists various classes of inscriptions; numismatic collections; lists classical inscriptions; brick and pottery stamps; and mainly graffiti. | ||
| − | |||
More information about the Kircherian Museum can be discovered looking at the ''Bibliographia Kircheriana'', where ''Kircherian Museum'' is a keyword assigned to the following entries:<br /> | More information about the Kircherian Museum can be discovered looking at the ''Bibliographia Kircheriana'', where ''Kircherian Museum'' is a keyword assigned to the following entries:<br /> | ||
Latest revision as of 14:42, 15 July 2023
Introduction
The Kircherian Museum, thus named after its first curator, the Jesuit Father Athanasius Kircher, was an encyclopedic collection established at the Roman College in 1651 as a requisite for receiving the legacy bequeathed by the patrician Alfonso Donnino.[1] The museum became relatively famous in its time [2]
and is often mentioned in current literature as an example of Early Modern Wunderkammer or Curiosity Cabinet.[3]
| Correspondence | Works | |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
| Explore | Explore |
The museum under Kircher
Donnino’s endowment consisted of his personal galleria which was said to have occupied five large rooms in the Palazzo dei Conservatori at Campidoglio in Rome.[4] According to the donation documents, it included “statue, mascheroni, idoli, quadri, armi, pitture, tavole di marmo e di altra materia preziosa, vasi di vetro e cristallo, instrumenti musicali, piatti dipinti, diverse sorti di pietre e fragmenti di antichità”. [5].
Besides the articles from Donnino’s gallery, the Kircherian Museum incorporated other groups of objects already assembled at the Roman College, most notably a collection of instruments and manuscripts used for the advanced teaching of Mathematics known as musaeum mathematicum, initially organized by the Jesuit Christophorus Clavius, who had been a professor at the institution.[6] By the time of Donnino’s donation[7], the musaeum mathematicum was under the care of Athanasius Kircher, who had enlarged it with his own inventions and frequently made use of the devices in demonstrations to students, scholars and external visitors. The Kircherian Museum collection was complemented by other items of naturalia and artificialia, either sent by fellow Jesuits, from Europe and abroad, or gifted by patrons and contributors throughout its existence.
An overall picture of the collection can be grasped from the catalogue published in 1678, from the press of Joannes Jansson van Waesberghe in Amsterdam, written by Giorgio de Sepi[8], with the supervision of Kircher himself. The title of the catalogue was Romani Collegii Societatis Jesu Musaeum Celeberrimum[9] and its fully readable on GATE at this link (with full-text search available). An Italian translation was edited by Eugenio Lo Sardo in Il museo del Collegio Romano di Athanasius Kircher (Napoli, 2005). More recently, a facsimile edition accompanied by an English translation was published in 2015 [10] and in 2019 a new German edition, accompanied by a substantial introductory study [11].
The museum after Kircher
After Kircher death in 1680, the curation of the museum was left vacant for almost two decades. Accounts from the period suggest that this resulted in a decline and dispersion of the collection due to the lack of surveillance, maintenance, and organization. In 1698 another Jesuit, Filippo Bonanni, was appointed to take charge of the museum, enlarging the collection and rearranging the objects in a different site at the Roman College. This new conception of the collection was described in the Musaeum Kircherianum, a work by Bonanni printed in 1709.
Later, around 1716, Bonanni wrote a report to his superiors in which he recalled the story of the institution and described all the actions taken in the previous two decades to save and reorganize the museum. The goal of the document, titled Notizie circa la Galleria del Collegio Romano, was to secure an annual income for the museum to avoid its decline, as had happened immediately after Kircher death. Two copies of the report - an early draft [APUG 35 VII (c)] and a calligraphic copy [APUG 895 f. 84r-101v]- are currently preserved at APUG, while another can be found at ARSI [Rom. 138, f. 172-189]]. The digitization and transcription of the draft is also available here on GATE at this link.
From the moment of the suppression of the Jesuit Society in 1773 the collection of the Kircherian Museum went through drastic transformation. After 1870, it was eventually seized by the Italian State, which incorporated different groups of objects into newly created, specialized museums, such as the National Museum of Prehistory and Ethnography organized by Luigi Pigorini in 1876. A group of scientific objects then known as the “Kircherian Physics Cabinet” was donated to the Liceo Ennio Quirino Visconti (located to this day in the building previously occupied by the Roman College), carrying the name of Kircherian Museum.
Other documents in APUG
Besides the correspondence and works related to the period of Kircher's curatorship, APUG holds several other documents associated to the Roman College museum.
A number of letters received by Bonanni, APUG 577.III, includes descriptions of archaeological discoveries in Italy and findings that were sent to Bonanni to form part of the collection. For example, in a letter dated 3 December 1731 [APUG 577.III, f. 109r-109v], Filippo Neri promises to send some ‘ossa di Gigante’ and suggests putting them in a box covered by some Etruscan vases in order to not attract attention while going through customs. The Collegio also appears to have been a hub for the distribution of antiquarian publications. On 27 March 1725, Francesco Ficoroni writes to Bonanni [APUG 577.III, f. 124] to order four books, including two copies of Il Tempio Vaticano (Carlo Fontana, 1694) and a copy of Bonanni’s Gabinetto Armonico (1722).
The manuscript bundle APUG 35 contains many records of the management of the museum, mostly dated from the 19th century. APUG 35 VII (a) is a copy of an Apostolic Brief issued by Clement XI in 1702 confirming the privileges of the College and the Museum. Among the documents in folder APUG 35 I, there is a request made by the Jesuit Provincial in 1839 for the regular submission of the Museum’s accounts, whereas APUG VII (i) is a ledger for the period from 1846 to 1870 in compliance to that request. The bundle also includes a list of accessions to the museum dated 18 May 1895, as well as a number of bills for works and furnishing in the museum, mainly during the 1850s and 1860s.
In addition, APUG 35 II is an undated catalogue of the Museum attributed to Tongiorgio Francesco, organized by class of material, presently consisting of unbound sheets held in different folders: lists minerals; lists statuary, lamps and candelabra; lists various classes of inscriptions; numismatic collections; lists classical inscriptions; brick and pottery stamps; and mainly graffiti.
More information about the Kircherian Museum can be discovered looking at the Bibliographia Kircheriana, where Kircherian Museum is a keyword assigned to the following entries:
| Entry ID | Author | Title | Year | Language | Bibliographic level |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AHSI 104 727 | Rivosecchi, Valerio | Esotismo in Roma barocca. Studi sul Padre Kircher | 1982 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0010 | Findlen, Paula | Possessing nature : Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy | 1994 | eng | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0024 | Garrucci, Raffaele | Origini e vicende del Museo Kircheriano dal 1651 al 1773 | 1879 | ita | Paper in journal |
| AKC Bibliography 0030 | Secchi, Giampietro (S.I.) | Campione d'antica bilibra romana in piombo conservato nel Museo Kircheriano: con greca inscrizione inedita | 1835 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0032 | Marchi, Giuseppe | La cista atletica del Museo Kircheriano | 1848 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0035 | De Ruggiero, Ettore | Guida del Museo Kircheriano | 1879 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0037 | Marchi, Giuseppe Tessieri, Pietro | L'aes grave del Museo Kircheriano, ovvero, Le monete primitive dei popoli dell'Italia media, ordinate e descritte, aggiuntovi un ragionamento per tentarne l'illustrazione | 1839 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0049 | Findlen, Paula | Scientific spectacle in Baroque Rome: Athanasius Kircher and the Roman College Museum | 2003 | eng | Book chapter |
| AKC Bibliography 0053 | Westerhoff, Jan C. | A World of Signs: Baroque Pansemioticism, the Polyhistor and the Early Modern Wunderkammer | 2001 | eng | Paper in journal |
| AKC Bibliography 0062 | Leinkauf, Thomas | Mundus combinatus und ars combinatoria als geistesgeschichtlicher Hintergrund des Museum Kircherianum in Rom | 1994 | ger | Book chapter |
| AKC Bibliography 0067 | Seipel, Wilfried (ed.) | Ägyptomanie. Europäische Ägypten Imagination von der Antike bis heute. Schriften des Kunsthistorischen Museums Vol. 3 - Symposium Wien, Kunsthistorisches Museum, 30. und 31. Oktober 1994 | 2000 | ger | Conference proceedings |
| AKC Bibliography 0068 | Gilly, Carlos | Ermetismo per turisti, ovvero come fare di Ermete un pezzo da museo: Athanasius Kircher | 2002 | ita eng | Exhibition catalogue contribution |
| AKC Bibliography 0069 | Avellino, Francesco Maria | Dell'aes grave del Museo kircheriano: articoli due | 1839 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0070 | Bartola, Alberto | Alle origini del Museo del Collegio Romano: documenti e testimonianze | 2004 | ita | Paper in journal |
| AKC Bibliography 0072 | Asmussen, Tina Burkart, Lucas Rößler, Hole | Schleier des Wissens. Athanasius Kirchers Strategien der Sichtbarmachung in Stadt, Museum und Buch | 2011 | ger | Paper in journal |
| AKC Bibliography 0082 | Lafaye, G. | Le Musée Kircher | 1879 | fre | Paper in journal |
| AKC Bibliography 0088 | Battarra, Giovanni Antonio | Rerum naturalium historia nempe quadrupedum insectorum piscium variorumque marinorum corporum fossilium plantarum exoticarum ac præsertim testaceorum existentium in Museo Kircheriano edita iam a P. Philippo Bonannio nunc vero nova methodo distributa notis illustrata in tabulis reformata novisque observationibus locupletata a Iohanne Antonio Battarra Ariminensi | 1773-1782 | lat | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0093 | Contucci, Contuccio | Musaei Kircheriani aerea notis illustrata | 1763-1765 | lat | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0100 | De Ruggiero, Ettore | Catalogo del Museo Kircheriano | 1878 | ita | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0106 | Findlen, Paula, | Science, History, and Erudition: Athanasius Kircher's museum et the Collegio Romano | 2001 | eng | Exhibition catalogue contribution |
| AKC Bibliography 0113 | Mayer-Deutsch, Angela | Das Musaeum Kircherianum. Kontemplative Momente, historische Rekonstruktion, Bildrhetorik | 2010 | ger | Monography |
| AKC Bibliography 0397 | Hunter, Michael | John Ray in Italy: lost manuscripts rediscovered | 2014 | eng | Paper in journal |
| AKC Bibliography 0399 | Baronio Ciaconio, Alfonso Bosio, D’Antonio Panciroli, Ottavio. | Descrizione di Roma moderna, formata nuovamente ... | 1697 | ita | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0400 | Nota delli Musei, Librerie, Galerie & ornamenti di Statue, e Pitture, ne’ Palazzi, nelle Case, e ne’ Giardini di Roma | 1664 | ita | Printed (pre-1830) | |
| AKC Bibliography 0401 | Evelyn, John | The diary of John Evelyn | 1901 | eng | |
| AKC Bibliography 0402 | Misson, Maximilian | Nouveau voyage d'Italie, avec un memoire contenant des avis utiles a ceux qui voudront faire le mesme voyage | 1702 | fre | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0403 | Piazza, Carlo Bartolomeo | Eusebologion. Euseuologio romano, ouero Delle opere pie di Roma, accresciuto, & ampliato secondo lo stato presente. Con due trattati delle accademie, e librerie celebri di Roma ... | 1698 | ita | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0404 | Priorat, Galeazzo Gualdo | Historia della sacra real maestà di Christina Alessandra regina di Suetia, &c | 1656 | ita | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0405 | Spon, Jacob Wheler, George | Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie, de Grece et du Levant fait aux annies 1675 & 1676 ... | 1678 | fre | Printed (pre-1830) |
| AKC Bibliography 0406 | Mochizuki, Mia M. | Connected Worlds—The World, the Worldly, and the Otherworldly: An Introduction | 2018 | eng | Book chapter |
| AKC Bibliography 0415 | Vaz de Carvalho, Carolina | OBJETOS BRASILEIROS NA COLEÇÃO DO COLLEGIUM ROMANUM JESUÍTA, 1678 – INTERSEÇÕES ENTRE AÇÕES MISSIONÁRIAS E PRÁTICAS COLECIONISTAS DA ALTA IDADE MODERNA | 2018 | por | Book chapter |
| AKC Bibliography 0416 | Vaz de Carvalho, Carolina | ENTRE ROMA E NOVA ESPANHA: AS TROCAS EPISTOLARES DE ATHANASIUS KIRCHER E ALEXANDRO FAVIÁN, 1661-1674 | 2019 | por | Paper in conference proceedings |
| AKC Bibliography 0417 | Rößler, Hole Asmussen, Tina Schmidt-Biggemann, Wilhelm Burkart, Lucas Breidbach, Olaf Böhling, Frank Eusterschulte, Anne | Hauptwerke. Band 11: Musaeum Celeberrimum (ed. Georgius de Sepibus). - Vita Patris Athanasii Kircheri. | 2019 | ger lat | Monography |
- ↑ AKC Bibliography 0070
- ↑ Mentions to Athanasius Kircher and his museum can be found in several published guides to Rome, travel journals and other visit accounts. Some examples are: Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0399; Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0400 ; Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0401; Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0402; Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0403; Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0404; Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0405
- ↑ This accessment can be traced back, in most cases, to the fundamental work by Julius von Schlosser, Bibliography:AKC Bibliography 0195
- ↑ Bibliography:AHSI_150_1057 , p. 16.
- ↑ APUG, Ms. 35 VII c, c. 2r (Link to transcription)
- ↑ Bibliography:AHSI 156 665 , p.240.
- ↑ Alfonso Donnino lascia in eredità ai Gesuiti del Collegio Romano la sua collezione antiquaria e chiede di essere tumulato nella chiesa di S. Ignazio. 07/may/1651. In: AKC Bibliography 0070, p. 324.
- ↑ For information on de Sepi, see the introductory study by Tina Asmussen, Lucas Burkart and Hole Rößler in the 2019 edition of Musaeum Celeberrimum.
- ↑ Romani Collegii Societatis Jesu Musaeum celeberrimum on Internet Archive.
- ↑ The celebrated Museum of the Roman College of the Society of Jesus : a facsimile of the 1678 Amsterdam edition of Giorgio de Sepi's description of Athanasius Kircher's Museum "Musæum celeberrimum Collegii Romani Societatis Jesu". Translation by Anastasi Callinicos and Daniel Höhr; annotations by Jane Stevenson; editions and afterword by Peter Davidson. Published by St Omers Press, Stonyhurst and Saint Joseph's University Press, Philadelphia.
- ↑ Hauptwerke. Band 11: Musaeum Celeberrimum (ed. Georgius de Sepibus). - Vita Patris Athanasii Kircheri. Edited by Anne Eusterschulte, Olaf Breidbach and Wilhelm Schmidt-Biggemann. 2019 edition of ''Musaeum Celeberrimum''
