5F-ADB Wikipedia - Revision history

https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia 5F-ADB Wikipedia - Revision history 2026-05-30T13:04:17Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.35.7 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=149044&oldid=prev RoslynGibson2 at 19:25, 28 May 2026 2026-05-28T19:25:19Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:25, 28 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because response suppression may compromise </del>stimulus <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">control, </del>rats <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">failing </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">complete at least ten responses during the test session </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">excluded from the analysis of the discriminative stimulus </del>effects <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of that dose of test compoun</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Separation of compounds was performed on a 2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 </del>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F ADB</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Waters) with guard cartridge. Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Waters</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. During the death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were </del>found in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an unopened box of nebivolol</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">containing drug</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>Data concerning the combined effects of SCRAs and other substances are highly limited</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which renders forensic evaluation of possible overdose cases difficult </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.37–4.1 ng</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL according to the reported cases</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in cases in which 1.5–2.5 g/L of ethanol is present in the blood</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA and ethanol. These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling the drugs to the public. Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA via high</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liver microsomes </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using urine samples. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the author<br><br>Tremors were not observed following </del>AMB-FUBINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">during the drug discrimination study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but the maximum dose </del>tested <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mic</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1</del>. <br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each training session lasted a maximum </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min, and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">training sessions, rats received an injection </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either vehicle or Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testing chambers</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food (45</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Serve</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frenchtown</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was illuminated only when </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">levers were active. Each dose range included doses </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were without effect </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Twenty</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX) at approximately 8 weeks </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility for two weeks prior to testin</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids </del>tested using the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8-h protocol have varied widely</del>, with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some producing a duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action no longer than 1 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 </del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drugs </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long-acting adverse effects </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interactions with other drugs</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids tested using </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There seems </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds tested </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study depressed locomotor activity </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is typical </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and </del>peak <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>Michael B Gat<br><br></del>Moreover, genetic makeup, physiological conditions (age, gender and ethnicity), environmental influences (diet) and pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes, and obesity) would further complicate the metabolism of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br>Similarly, precursor ion identified at m/z 380 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B19/B21, B23/B25</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was 16 Da higher than the </del>4F-MDMB-BINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, indicating monohydroxylation at the butyl side chain </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B19/B21</del>) and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B23/B25</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">moieties with product ions m/z 145 and 161</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">respectively. Metabolites identified at m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 366 (B8, B9, B13</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which was 16 Da higher than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B22</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs </del>have been reported <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[5</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6,7,8,9]</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this raises public health </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">social concerns</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their similar physiological effects to the principal psychoactive component </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabis, </del>Δ9-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol (</del>THC<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">), SCBs are gaining popularity and are often abused as recreational drugs</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The fact </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol concentrations were detected in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood samples of both victims suggests that both substances played a role in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fatal outcom</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These synthetic cannabinoids act directly at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) found in marijuana, but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9-THC, different metabolism, and often greater toxicity (Fantegrossi et al., 2014). Discriminative </ins>stimulus <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effects were tested in </ins>rats <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">trained </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (3 mg/kg, 30-min pretreatment). 5F-MDMB-PINACA (also known as 5F-ADB, 5F-ADB-PINACA), MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB, MMB-FUBINACA) </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested for in vivo cannabinoid-like </ins>effects <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to assess their abuse liabilit</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These synthetic cannabinoids act </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5CLADBA</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">directly at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</ins>) found in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">marijuana</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC, different metabolism</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often greater toxicity (Fantegrossi et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Discriminative stimulus effects were tested in rats trained to discriminate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg, 30-min pretreatment</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</ins>-MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA (also known as 5F-ADB, 5F-ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA), </ins>MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA, MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, and AMB-FUBINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(also known as FUB-AMB</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MMB-FUBINACA) were </ins>tested <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for in vivo cannabinoid</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">like effects to assess their abuse liabilit</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drugs </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The purpose </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study was </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA, MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">self-administration predict with high reliability </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produce active drug-seeking in humans</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drug discrimination is a well</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known animal model of the subjective effects of drugs and correlates well with abuse liability </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Young 2009; Horton et al. 2013</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Assessment of abuse liability is based on several factors, including chemical structure</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmacological mechanism </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action, and finally, subjective </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcing behavioral effects </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FDA, 2010; Swedberg, 2013</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.<br>Michael B Gat<br></ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Some mice showed abnormal behaviors (catalepsy, loss </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traction, convulsion) right after the administration </ins>of the tested <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">substances. The locomotor activity of the mice was measured 30 min and 2 hrs after the last substance administration. We also examined their neurotoxicity </ins>using <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">brain samples through histopathological diagnose, especially in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nucleus accumbens core region. In histopathological analysis</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neural cells of the animals treated </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the high dose (5 mg/kg) of JWH-081 or JWH-210 showed distorted nuclei and nucleus membranes in the core shell </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nucleus accumbens</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">suggesting neurotoxicity.<br>Table </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Conten</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2</ins>. <br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Our findings revealed that both victims consumed large amounts </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">alcohol preceding their deaths (blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) were 2.11 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.49 g/L, respectively)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forensic autopsy </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both victims was performed four days after the time </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death following </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Recommendation No.R (99)3 of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Council of Europe on medico</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legal autopsies</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Elegans demonstrated the ability </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">form all </ins>of the in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-vivo metabolites and has </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potential to be used as a complementary model to predict and characterize human metabolites, as well </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identifying possible drug toxicities </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emerging SCBs</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thus</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification of the relevant urinary markers was based primarily upon the prevalence </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the in-vivo metabolites instead </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the metabolites ranking that was based upon % </ins>peak <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">area abundance ratio</ins>. Moreover, genetic makeup, physiological conditions (age, gender <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5CLADBA </ins>and ethnicity), environmental influences (diet) and pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes, and obesity) would further complicate the metabolism of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs. It should be noted that % peak area abundance ratios do not necessarily reflect absolute concentrations due to differences in ionization capacity and matrix effects bias for each metabolite.</ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Victim B also brought "something resembling a drug" (unrecognizable by Witness A) from his cousin (Witness B) in a cigarette box and mixed this substance with their tobacco. The half-maximal effective concentration </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">EC50</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is 5.69 nM </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.76–11.0 nM</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on CB1, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.69 nM </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.30–1.56 nM</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on CB2</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in vitro half-life (t1</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is 10.27 min . It is usually available as a powder</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vapor fluid</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or herbal plant mixtur<br><br><br>Acute kidney damage and even kidney failure </ins>have been reported <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following use of synthetic cannabinoids (Davidson</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017). One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported that some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is not known whether the increased toxicity is due only </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB1 cannabinoid receptors more strongly than </ins>Δ9-THC <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or whether these "super-strength" cannabinoids produce effects at other receptors</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A major cause of concern is </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more recently seen synthetic cannabinoids are more likely to produce extremely toxic effects than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">older synthetics (Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

RoslynGibson2 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=149039&oldid=prev ISZCindy643869 at 19:23, 28 May 2026 2026-05-28T19:23:16Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:23, 28 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A 30-min period</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">beginning when maximal depression </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity first appeared as a function </del>of dose<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, was used for analysis </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose-response data and calculation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ED50 values</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During test sessions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both levers were active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to </del>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 4F ADB] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcement</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The substitution tests occurred only if </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats had achieved 85% injection</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appropriate responding on the two prior training sessions</del>.<br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose ranges of psychoactive effects</del>, which <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is useful </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time course </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">psychoactive effects in human users</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purpose of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study was </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA, MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, and AMB-FUBINACA<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Since there is currently no robust measure of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids, </del>drug discrimination <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is currently </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP and self</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict with high reliability </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">human<br><br>The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking in human</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement </del>of, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or agreement with, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is illegal </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sell</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">distribute, supply, transport </del>or <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">trade </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016. The corresponding indole core analogue</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BICA </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTICA</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, has also been widely sold </del>as a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">designer drug by chemical providers </del>on the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">internet, first being identified in May 2020</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is an indazole-based </del>synthetic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoid from </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3-carboxamide famil</del><br><br>4. Drugs <br>Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.<br>Michael B Gat<br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see review by Wiley et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min bins</del>) and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were 4F ADB observed between 0–30 min. Duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2.5 h following 1 mg/k</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Moreover</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a study conducted in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">United Kingdom investigated components of e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquids in 112 samples originating from prisoners</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">teenagers </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test purchases of commercially available e-cigarettes taken between 2014 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2021 </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This is the first case report that describes the toxicological symptoms of vaping ADB-BUTINACA. Results of the DOA test </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including testing for amphetamines</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methamphetamines</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">barbiturates</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">benzodiazepines</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cocaine</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methadone</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opioids</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabis</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tricyclic antidepressants) were available within 30 minutes and were all negative. We report a case of an involuntary intoxication of the SCRA ADB-BUTINACA after vaping. There are several pitfalls in the detection of SCRA in samples taken from the patien<br><br><br>Effects of individual doses were compared to the vehicle control value using a priori contrasts. Response-rate data were analyzed by one-way repeated-measure analysis of variance. Percent drug-appropriate responding was shown only if at 4F ADB least three rats completed the first fixed ratio</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas all rats are shown for the response rate dat<br><br><br>Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">times of peak effect</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures </del>similar to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB1 receptor. Tremors were not observed following AMB-FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than the dose that produced tremors in the mice. AMB-FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects in recreational users </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Adams et al., 2017; Hamilton et al., 2017</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests that the range between behaviorally active </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxic doses of AMB-FUBINACA is narrow</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Following </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">line of reasoning, it should also be noted that some of the more recent compounds produced non</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">linear dose</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">effect curves </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one compound produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect, such </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intermediate dose fully substituted, but higher doses did not (Gatch and Forster, 2018). All of the compounds identified as available on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by the US Drug Enforcement Agency for testing have fully substituted at some dose (Gatch and Forster 2014, 2015, 2016, 2018); however; it is important to note that not all structural congeners are active (Wiley et al., 2012</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Because response suppression may compromise stimulus control</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats failing to complete at least ten responses during the test session were excluded from the analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </ins>dose of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test compoun<br><br><br>Separation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds was performed on a 2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mm×100 mm</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.7 </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ 4F ADB] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column (Waters) with guard cartridge. Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ-S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Waters)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box</ins>.<br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data concerning the combined effects of SCRAs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other substances are highly limited</ins>, which <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">renders forensic evaluation of possible overdose cases difficult . The threshold SCRA concentration </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level (0.37–4.1 ng/mL according to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases) in cases in which 1.5–2.5 g/L </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol is present in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F-MDMB-BINACA and ethanol. These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public. Monitoring metabolism </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid 4F</ins>-MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA via high</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liver microsomes </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using urine samples. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the author<br><br>Tremors were not observed following </ins>AMB-FUBINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">during </ins>the drug discrimination <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">study, but </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum dose tested was only 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is 10</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produced tremors </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mic</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each training session lasted a maximum </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats could earn up to 20 food pellets</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty minutes prior </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the training sessions</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats received an injection of either vehicle </ins>or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior-testing chambers</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">45</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Serve, Frenchtown, NJ</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was available </ins>as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">levers were active</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Twenty</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br>The duration of action of the </ins>synthetic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids tested using </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 </ins><br><br>4. Drugs <br>Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.<br>Michael B Gat<br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Moreover, genetic makeup, physiological conditions </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gender and ethnicity</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, environmental influences </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diet</ins>) and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pathological factors (liver diseases, diabetes, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">obesity) would further complicate the metabolism </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Similarly, precursor ion identified at m/z 380 (B19/B21</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B23/B25) was 16 Da higher than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicating monohydroxylation at the butyl side chain (B19/B21) </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions m/z 145 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">161, respectively</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolites identified at m/z 366 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B8</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B9</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B13)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which was 16 Da higher than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs have been reported [5</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9]</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this raises public health </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">social concerns</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due to their </ins>similar <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">physiological effects </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">principal psychoactive component of cannabis</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs are gaining popularity </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are often abused as recreational drugs</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The fact </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">similar 4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol concentrations were detected in the postmortem blood samples of both victims suggests </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both substances played a role in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fatal outcom</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

ISZCindy643869 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=149035&oldid=prev StarlaSaldana91 at 19:22, 28 May 2026 2026-05-28T19:22:03Z

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This compound </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appropriate only </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">authorized professionals conducting lawful research or analysis</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For legitimate applications</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only fully characterized</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">independently tested JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder should be considered</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> How to Choose Powder JWH-210 <br>This dual-use nature underscores </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">importance </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">responsible sourcing and strict adherence to legal frameworks</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forensic labs, public health researchers</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">customs officials use authentic samples like JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 to distinguish between legal and illegal compounds in seized materials. For those seeking </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dependable </del>compound <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for analytical purposes</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 Chemical Powder provides a trusted and effective solution. With its carefully controlled production process, stable composition, and secure packaging, it remains a valuable resource for laboratory</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">based research.</del><br> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Is JWH-210 Legal? </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A total of 2 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 methamphetamine treated mice fell from the spinning rod 30 min and 2 hr after the </del>administration<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, respectively. After </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first injection</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6 mice of the positive control group (methamphetamine, 5 mg/kg, i.p.) showed loss of traction, of which 4 showed tremor. Most of the abnormalities were normalized in synthetic cannabinoid treated mice although those abnormal behaviors remained </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methamphetamine treated animals after 2 hr of administration. Brain samples were prepared from the mice after the last administration of test substance</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pretreatment times and dose ranges for </del>the drug <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds was 0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">81±0.17 mg/kg </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al., 2014</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potency of </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recent set was 0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">09±0.03 mg/kg </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al., 2018</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potency of the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg</del>. Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compound</del><br><br> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each training session lasted </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximum </del>of 10 min<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats could earn up </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20 food pellets</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty minutes prior to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">training sessions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats received an injection </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either vehicle or Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were subsequently placed in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior</del>-testing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chambers</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frenchtown</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">NJ</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was </del>available <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hopper close to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included </del>doses <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">without effect to those producing at least 50% depression </del>compared to vehicle control. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Twenty</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two weeks prior to testin</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This makes JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder one </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the most powerful </del>compounds <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in its class, often used in incense blends and research settings. Our commitment </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quality </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">customer satisfaction makes us </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best place for jwh 210 buy</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whether you need it for research</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">incense blends, or other legal applications</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">For qualified professionals</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">investing </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quality</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">verified material ensures accuracy</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">safety</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regulatory compliance</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prioritize vendors providing full analytical validation, transparent documentation</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compliance with international controls. Value is best assessed through consistency</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">verifiable purity</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regulatory compliance—not cost alon<br><br> In </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, we performed various methods based </del>on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal behavioral </del>testing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including FOB test for general behavioral observation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rotarod test</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity test for motor function evaluation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and water-maze test for learning/memory evaluatio</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A 30</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">min period</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">beginning when maximal depression of locomotor activity first appeared as a function of dose</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was used </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analysis of dose</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">response data and calculation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ED50 values. During test sessions, both levers were active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F ADB</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcement</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appropriate responding on the two prior training sessions</ins>.<br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose ranges of psychoactive effects, which </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">useful for identifying parameters </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive of the time course of the psychoactive effects in human users</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The purpose of the present study was to assess the abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHIMICA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA, and AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Since there is currently no robust measure of the reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids, drug discrimination is currently </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best model for assessing abuse liability </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">self</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that </ins>a compound <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will be abused by humans</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and cannabinoids are well</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known to produce active drug</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeking in human</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">self-</ins>administration <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">predict with high reliability </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">human</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Inclusion </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National Institutes of Health</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is illegal to sell, distribute, supply, transport or trade </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmaceutical </ins>drug <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">under </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Psychoactive Substances Act 2016</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The corresponding indole core analogue, 4F-MDMB-BICA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BUTICA</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">internet, first being identified in May 2020. It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">designer drug since late 2018</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole-3-carboxamide famil<br><br>4</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drugs <br></ins>Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds. All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.<br>Michael B Gat</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.33 mg/kg were observed within </ins>10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following administration </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were 4F ADB observed between 0–30 min. Duration of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 h following 1 mg/k<br><br><br>Moreover, a study conducted in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">United Kingdom investigated components of e-liquids in 112 samples originating from prisoners</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">teenagers and test purchases </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">commercially available e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarettes taken between 2014 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2021 . This is the first case report that describes </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxicological symptoms of vaping ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA. Results of the DOA test (including </ins>testing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for amphetamines, methamphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, methadone</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opioids</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabis</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tricyclic antidepressants</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were </ins>available <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">within 30 minutes and were all negative. We report </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">case of an involuntary intoxication of the SCRA ADB-BUTINACA after vaping</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There are several pitfalls in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detection of SCRA in samples taken from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patien<br><br><br>Effects of individual </ins>doses were compared to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>vehicle control <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">value using a priori contrasts</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Response-rate data were analyzed by one</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">way repeated</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">measure analysis of variance</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Percent drug-appropriate responding was shown only if </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F ADB least three rats completed </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first fixed ratio, whereas all rats are shown </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the response rate dat</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active dose ranges and times </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these </ins>compounds <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have substantial abuse liability </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">act at </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB1 receptor. Tremors were not observed following AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but the maximum dose tested was only 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is 10-fold lower than the dose that produced tremors </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the mice. AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA has been implicated in severe adverse effects in recreational users (Adams et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017; Hamilton et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests that the range between behaviorally active </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxic doses of AMB-FUBINACA is narrow</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Following that line of reasoning</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it should also be noted that some of the more recent compounds produced non-linear dose-effect curves </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one compound produced an inverted U-shaped dose-effect</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such that intermediate dose fully substituted</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but higher doses did not (Gatch </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forster, 2018). All of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds identified as available </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the recreational market and submitted to our laboratory by the US Drug Enforcement Agency for </ins>testing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have fully substituted at some dose (Gatch and Forster 2014, 2015</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018); however; it is important to note that not all structural congeners are active (Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

StarlaSaldana91 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=149023&oldid=prev ISZCindy643869 at 19:16, 28 May 2026 2026-05-28T19:16:28Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:16, 28 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">33 mg</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were </del>JWH-210 powder <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed between 0–30 min</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 h following 1 mg/k</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In histopathological </del>analysis, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neural cells of the animals treated with the high dose (5 mg/kg) of </del>JWH-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">081 or </del>JWH-210 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">showed distorted nuclei and nucleus membranes in the core shell of nucleus accumbens, suggesting neurotoxicit</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>Taken together these data further confirmed </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">structure elucidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B16</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which was 74 Da lower than that </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicated N</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dealkylation of B22</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion m/z 348 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">product ion detected at m/z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with addition of hydroxy JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder group</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">older synthetic cannabinoids </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported that some produced varying amounts </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016<br><br>The chemical structures </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recent </del>synthetic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids are unlike that </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-THC, but are largely based on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">structure </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">older synthetic cannabinoids that are known to have substantial abuse liability (Fig. 1</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Inclusion </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an NLM database does not imply endorsement </del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, or agreement with, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">contents by NLM or </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National Institutes </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Health</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is illegal to sell</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">distribute</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">supply, transport or trade </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmaceutical drug under the Psychoactive Substances Act 2016</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The corresponding indole core analogue</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BICA (4F-MDMB-BUTICA</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">internet, first being identified in May 2020</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA (also known as MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </del>using <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3-carboxamide famil<br><br>In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 (Gatch et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016)</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2018</del><br><br>Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leve<br><br><br>LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in the field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity, specificity, and a broader spectrum of detectable substances</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite all negative results in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-of-care test for recreational drugs, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoid</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the emergency room because of sudden [https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder] headache</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly available.<br>Data availability <br>When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point-of-care DOA tests. In this case, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA urine screening was not able </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detect the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Briefly</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FOB test was comprised of several behavioral changes including catalepsy</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traction</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tremor</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convulsion</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exopthalmos</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">piloerection</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, skin coloration, pinna reflex</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">righting reflex</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death. The FOB test was performed using published procedures (Moser et al., 1989) </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some modifications</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, because of their subjective properties, it </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">necessary to set up a more objective automated measurement to determine their neurotoxicity. However, there are only a couple of anecdotal reports suspecting the possibility of their neurotoxicity with no scientific evidence (Cohen et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; McGuinness and Newell</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; Harris </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al., 2013</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>Test 2 was </del>performed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">everyday </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 days after consecutive administration of the substances</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including negative (vehicle) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">positive (methamphetamine) controls. After the last administration, the first trial was performed. Morris </del>water maze test <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was performed to evaluate the changes of </del>learning <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>memory <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">function through administration of the test substances. Generally, neurotoxicity of a substance is evaluated by animal behavioral aspects, i.e. functional observation battery (FOB) tests (O’Callaghan et al., 2014). Our results suggest that JWH-081 and JWH-210 may JWH-210 powder be neurotoxic substances through changing neuronal cell damages, especially in the core shell part of nucleus accumbens.<br>About Powder JWH-2</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Buy Jwh-210 at USA K2 INCENSE STORE and enjoy premium quality, flexible quantities, and fast</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">secure shipping</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fast shipping </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pure product-highly recommended for anyone needing quality incense ingredients</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">" 🌟🌟🌟🌟🌟 You can buy jwh-210 online in quantities </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">com</ins>/ JWH-210 powder<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">] 10g, 30g, 50g, 100g, 150g, and 200g at USA K2 INCENSE STORE for premium quality and discreet shipping. In some areas, it is classified as a controlled substance, while in others, it may be legal for research or incense use</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The legal status </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">jwh-210 varies by country and region</ins>.<br> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Key Features and Specifications to Evaluate </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Higher prices often reflect rigorous quality control rather than markup alone. This compound is appropriate only for authorized professionals conducting lawful research or </ins>analysis<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. For legitimate applications, only fully characterized</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">independently tested </ins>JWH-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 </ins>JWH-210 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">powder should be considered.</ins><br> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">How to Choose Powder JWH-210 </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This dual-use nature underscores </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">importance </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">responsible sourcing and strict adherence to legal frameworks</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Forensic labs, public health researchers</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and customs officials use authentic samples like JWH-210 to distinguish between legal and illegal compounds in seized materials. For those seeking a dependable compound </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analytical purposes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 Chemical Powder provides a trusted and effective solution</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">With its carefully controlled production process, stable composition, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">secure packaging</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">it remains a valuable resource for laboratory</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">based research.</ins><br> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Is JWH-210 Legal? </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A total </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2 and 3 methamphetamine treated mice fell from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">spinning rod 30 min </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2 hr after the administration, respectively. After the first injection, 6 mice </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the positive control group </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methamphetamine, 5 mg/kg, i.p</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) showed loss of traction</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of which 4 showed tremor. Most </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abnormalities were normalized in </ins>synthetic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoid treated mice although those abnormal behaviors remained in methamphetamine treated animals after 2 hr </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration. Brain samples were prepared from the mice after </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">last administration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test substance</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depression in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity assay in mice. Average potency of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">early compounds was 0.81±0.17 mg/kg (Gatch et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and the potency of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">current set is 0.05±0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">01 mg/kg</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset, short</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds pose problems of long</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested </ins>using the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">varied widely</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound<br></ins><br> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, and the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. </ins>Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lever</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hopper close to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ceiling and was illuminated only when </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">levers were active</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vehicle control. Twenty</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testin</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This makes JWH-210 powder one of the most powerful compounds in its class</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often used in incense blends and research settings. Our commitment to quality and customer satisfaction makes us </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best place for jwh 210 buy-whether you need it for research</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">incense blends</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or other legal applications. For qualified professionals</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">investing in high-quality</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">verified material ensures accuracy</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">safety</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and regulatory compliance. Prioritize vendors providing full analytical validation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transparent documentation</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compliance </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">international controls</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Value </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best assessed through consistency</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">verifiable purity</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">regulatory compliance—not cost alon</ins><br><br> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the present study, we </ins>performed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">various methods based on animal behavioral testing including FOB test </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">general behavioral observation, rotarod test, locomotor activity test for motor function evaluation</ins>, and water<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</ins>maze test <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for </ins>learning<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/</ins>memory <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evaluatio</ins></div></td></tr> </table>

ISZCindy643869 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=149005&oldid=prev ISZCindy643869 at 19:09, 28 May 2026 2026-05-28T19:09:06Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:09, 28 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. <br>Each training session lasted a maximum </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min, and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior-testing chambers, where food </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Frenchtown, NJ</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was available </del>as a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcer for every ten responses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a designated injection appropriate lever</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was illuminated only when the levers </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each </del>dose <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained </del>from <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Envigo (Houston, TX)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testin</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA, a synthetic cannabinoi<br><br><br>Although there were reports on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA using in-vivo and various in-vitro models, studies were either conducted using small in-vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 samples [5, 29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons . The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce </del>high <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low-level expression of several metabolizing enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CYP</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">class </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proteins [17, 18]. In</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs, tissue </del>or <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cell cultures </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes (HLM) have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are found extensively </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolized forms in urine, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites is of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists. Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation of these SCBs. The proliferation of SCBs has become a global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug law</del><br><br><br>Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation of B16. The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected, which was 74 Da lower than that for the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicated N-dealkylation of B22. The precursor ion m/z 348 and product ion detected at m/z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with addition of hydroxy <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ 5CLADBA] </del>group<br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As </del>synthetic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) </del>are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gaining popularity globally, clinicians have to understand </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">intoxication caused by vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests. He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette (e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette) earlier that day just before </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his symptoms</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolic acidosis (1/3, 0/7) and respiratory acidosis (</del>1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/3, 0/7), All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case. In 3 cases ADB-BUTINACA was the only substance detected, while in seven other substances of misuse were also detected including other SCRA, opioids, benzodiazepines cocaine and pregabali</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due to the unknown toxicity </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newly emerging SCRAs</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forensic assessments </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cases involving these substances are challenging</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">According </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases and reviews of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientific literature, concurrent ethanol consumption should amplify the toxicity of SCRAs</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concentration of </del>4F-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood was 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and blood alcohol concentration was 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">11 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">49 g/L, respectively. Two fatal cases are reported caused by simultaneous consumption of </del>4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and ethanol.</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2. </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion m/z 396 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B10</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B12/B15</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was 32 Da higher than the parent drug</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">suggesting </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">addition </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two hydroxy groups. All </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">below explanations </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transformations into metabolites are based </del>on the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data shown in Fig. Metabolites were identified according to their precursor ions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">product ions</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fragmentation patterns (Fig</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1). Traditional </del>in-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolism studies to generate human metabolites </del>of drugs <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">relied heavily on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whole animal model systems</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which are expensive, limited by drug administration amount, influenced by species variation and faced by many ethical issues</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Eight in</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolites tentatively identified were mainly products </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis with or without additional dehydrogenation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">N-dealkylation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monohydroxylation </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oxidative defluorination with further oxidation to butanoic acid</del>.<br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 1. </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line, fungus, 5CLADBA liver microsomes </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using urine samples The threshold for fatal overdose of combined use of </del>SCRAs and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol can </del>be <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">estimated as a little ng/mL (0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">37–4.1 ng/mL according </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases) </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5–2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 g/L of ethanol</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The reported cases and reviews of the scientific literature suggest a possible synergistic effect between SCRAs and ethanol</del>, because their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">combined use clearly increases </del>their <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">toxicity</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The victim died due to severe necrotizing pancreatitis and acute kidney injury evolving into multi-organ failure 11 days after hospital admission </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Studies have found no unequivocal synergistic effect between THC </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol at low or moderate ethanol doses [29</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but no data on high doses of ethanol are available</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Given that THC and ethanol act on the same receptors</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data on their simultaneous use may yield important insights in this regard.</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fungus C. elegans </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Methyl (2S)-</del>2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-</del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[1-(4-fluorobutyl</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA or 4F-ADB</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found in numerous SCB product seizures, has been reported by various law enforcement since 2018 </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, most </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs are full agonists at CB1 and CB2 receptors</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">having </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">higher risk of undesirable side effects when compared to THC which </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a partial agonist </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are agonists at cannabinoid receptor type 1 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB1</del>) and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">type </del>2 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(CB2), where they elicit their main effect</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds tested </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see review by Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Average horizontal activity counts/10 min </ins>as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">function of time </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 min bins</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and dose. Depressant effects of 1</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH-210 powder observed between 0–30 min</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of the locomotor depression increased over </ins>dose from <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">30 min following 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg/kg </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.5 h following 1 mg/k</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In histopathological analysis</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neural cells </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animals treated with </ins>the high <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 mg/kg</ins>) of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">081 </ins>or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH-210 showed distorted nuclei </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nucleus membranes </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">core shell </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nucleus accumbens, suggesting neurotoxicit</ins><br><br><br>Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation of B16. The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected, which was 74 Da lower than that for the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicated N-dealkylation of B22. The precursor ion m/z 348 and product ion detected at m/z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with addition of hydroxy <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder </ins>group<br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">One recent study has looked at other mechanisms of action in some of the older synthetic cannabinoids and reported that some produced varying amounts of activity at sites which are related to cardiotoxicity and heart disease (Wiley et al., 2016</ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>The chemical structures of the recent </ins>synthetic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids </ins>are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unlike </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC, but are largely based on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">structure </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">older synthetic cannabinoids that are known to have substantial abuse liability (Fig</ins>. 1<br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement </ins>of, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Health</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It is illegal </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sell, distribute, supply, transport or trade </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pharmaceutical drug under </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Psychoactive Substances Act 2016</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">corresponding indole core analogue, 4F-MDMB-BICA (</ins>4F-MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTICA), has also been widely sold as a designer drug by chemical providers on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">internet</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first being identified in May 2020</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sold as a designer drug since late 2018</ins>. 4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(also known as MDMB-4F-BINACA using systematic EMCDDA nomenclature or 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide famil</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH-210 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and 5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB produced sustained vocalization and convulsions in rats (Gatch et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018<br><br>Thirty minutes prior to </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">training sessions, rats received an injection </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">every ten responses (FR10) </ins>on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a designated injection appropriate leve<br><br><br>LC-QTOF-MS represents a significant advancement in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">field of drug detection, offering higher sensitivity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">specificity</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a broader spectrum of detectable substances</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite all negative results </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the point</ins>-of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care test for recreational </ins>drugs<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) analysis showed that </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a synthetic cannabinoid</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">We report a 27-year</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">old man who was admitted to the emergency room because </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sudden [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ JWH-210 powder] headache, nausea</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vertigo</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">red eyes </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids are gaining popularity globally and detection is not commonly available</ins>.<br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availability </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS can be valuable </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is recommended. </ins>SCRAs and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other NPS may not </ins>be <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detected by point-of-care DOA tests</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In this case, the point-of-care DOA urine screening was not able </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detect </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC<br><br><br>Briefly, the FOB test was comprised </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several behavioral changes including catalepsy, traction, tremor, convulsion, exopthalmos, piloerection, salivation, lacrimation, diarrhea, skin coloration, pinna reflex, righting reflex, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The FOB test was performed using published procedures (Moser et al</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1989) with some modifications</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However</ins>, because <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </ins>their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">subjective properties, it is necessary to set up a more objective automated measurement to determine </ins>their <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neurotoxicity</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, there are only a couple of anecdotal reports suspecting the possibility of their neurotoxicity with no scientific evidence (Cohen et al</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2012; McGuinness </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Newell</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; Harris and Brown</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013; Hermanns et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013<br></ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Test </ins>2 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was performed everyday for 5 days after consecutive administration of the substances, including negative </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vehicle</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and positive </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">methamphetamine</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">controls. After the last administration</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the first trial was performed</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Morris water maze test was performed to evaluate the changes of learning and memory function through administration </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">test substances. Generally</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neurotoxicity of </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">substance </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evaluated by animal behavioral aspects, i.e</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">functional observation battery </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FOB</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tests </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">O’Callaghan et al., 2014</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Our results suggest that JWH-081 </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH-210 may JWH-210 powder be neurotoxic substances through changing neuronal cell damages, especially in the core shell part of nucleus accumbens.<br>About Powder JWH-</ins>2</div></td></tr>  </table>

ISZCindy643869 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=148990&oldid=prev BillyTrego at 19:03, 28 May 2026 2026-05-28T19:03:50Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:03, 28 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figure 1. <br>Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, and the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As previously mentioned, </del>all <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of the compounds tested </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study (MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA, MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA, ADB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA, and AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Banister et al., 2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018), which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including abuse liabilit<br><br><br>When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with </del>LC-QTOF-MS <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">can be valuable and is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA tests. In this case, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">care DOA urine screening was not able to detect the </del>synthetic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the present study. Pretreatment times and dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">selected based on the time of peak depression </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor activity assay </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Average potency </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">early compounds was 0.81±0.</del>17 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg/kg (Gatch et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg (Gatch et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018), and </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potency </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the current set </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.05±0.01 mg/kg</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting </del>adverse effects <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and interactions with other drugs</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">duration of action </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity first appeared as a function of dose</del>, was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">used </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analysis of dose</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">response data and calculation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ED50 values</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During test sessions, both levers were active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to [https:</del>//<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoidsrc4f</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/ </del>https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcement</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The substitution tests occurred only if the rats </del>had <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">achieved 85% injection</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appropriate responding on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two prior training sessions</del>.<br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The locomotor activity assay was used </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identify approximate time courses and dose ranges </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">psychoactive effects</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are also predictive </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time course </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the psychoactive effects in human users</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purpose </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to assess the abuse liability </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA</del>, MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA. Since there is currently no robust measure </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcing/rewarding effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids</del>, drug <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discrimination is currently the best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids. The findings produce an apparent paradox</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">self</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoids are well-known </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produce active drug-seeking in human</del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>In the present study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we performed various methods based on animal behavioral testing including FOB test for general behavioral observation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rotarod test, locomotor activity test </del>for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">motor function evaluation, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water-maze test for learning</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">memory evaluation</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Known for its stability and consistent composition, this compound is frequently utilized by professionals seeking reliable materials for laboratory-based analytical studies</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In this study, histopathological evaluation was performed </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirm </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possibility </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neurotoxicity </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested substances by hematoxylin </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eosin staining method from collected brain samples</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we evaluated the neurotoxicity of two synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">081 and JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210) through observation of various behavioral changes and analysis of histopathological changes using experimental mice with various doses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.</del>1, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 mg/kg</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Selecting powder JWH-210 demands careful evaluation of purity</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legality</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and supplier credibility</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prices for research-grade JWH-210 vary significantly based on quantity</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purity</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vendor complianc</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figure 1. <br>Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, and the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Despite </ins>all <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">negative results </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">care test for recreational drugs</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the liquid chromatography</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quadrupole time</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flight mass spectrometry </ins>(LC-QTOF-MS<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) analysis showed that the liquid </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette contained ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA, a </ins>synthetic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabinoi</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although there </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reports on the metabolism of 4F-MDMB-BINACA using </ins>in-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo and various </ins>in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-vitro models, studies </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either conducted using small </ins>in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 samples [5, 29] or </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards and prisons </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low-level expression </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several metabolizing enzymes, including </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cytochrome P450 (CYP) class </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proteins [</ins>17<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 18]</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In-vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tissue or cell cultures and microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes (HLM</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12,13,14,15</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">16]</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms in urine</ins>, the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">identification </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Identifying SCB intake </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">its correlating specific </ins>adverse effects <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">require rapid elucidation of these SCBs</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proliferation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs has become a global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">illegal drug market </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evade existing drug law</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Taken together these data further confirmed the structure elucidation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B16. The precursor ion m/z 276 (B1) detected</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">74 Da lower than that </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the 4F-MDMB-BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicated N</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dealkylation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B22</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The precursor ion m</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 348 and product ion detected at m</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 217 (B2) identified was 2 Da less than the 4F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22), indicating oxidative defluorination (loss of fluorine with addition of hydroxy [</ins>https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5CLADBA</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">group<br><br><br>As synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) are gaining popularity globally, clinicians have to understand that intoxication caused by vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He confirmed that he </ins>had <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">been vaping an electronic cigarette (e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette) earlier that day just before </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset of his symptoms. Metabolic acidosis (1/3, 0/7) and respiratory acidosis (1/3, 0/7), All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In 3 cases ADB-BUTINACA was the only substance detected, while in seven other substances of misuse were also detected including other SCRA, opioids, benzodiazepines cocaine and pregabali</ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br>Due </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the unknown toxicity </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newly emerging SCRAs</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">forensic assessments of cases involving these substances are challenging. According to the reported cases </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reviews </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientific literature, concurrent ethanol consumption should amplify the toxicity </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRAs</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">concentration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood was 2.50 and 2.34 ng/mL, and blood alcohol concentration </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.11 and 2.49 g/L, respectively. Two fatal cases are reported caused by simultaneous consumption </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</ins>-MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA and ethanol.<br>Fig. 2. <br>The precursor ion m/z 396 (B10</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B12/B15) was 32 Da higher than the parent drug, 4F-</ins>MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">suggesting the addition of two hydroxy groups. All the below explanations for transformations into metabolites are based on the data shown in Fig. Metabolites were identified according to their precursor ions</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">product ions</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fragmentation patterns (Fig. 1). Traditional in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolism studies to generate human metabolites </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs relied heavily on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">use </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whole animal model systems, which are expensive</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">limited by </ins>drug <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration amount</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">influenced by species variation </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">faced by many ethical issues. Eight in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo metabolites tentatively identified were mainly products of ester hydrolysis </ins>with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or without additional dehydrogenation, N-dealkylation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">monohydroxylation </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">oxidative defluorination with further oxidation </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butanoic acid.</ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 1. </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F-MDMB-BINACA via high-resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5CLADBA liver microsomes and confirmed using urine samples The threshold </ins>for <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fatal overdose of combined use of SCRAs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol can be estimated as a little ng</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL (0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">37–4</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 ng/mL according </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases) </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA and 1.5–2.5 g/L of ethanol. The reported cases and reviews </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">scientific literature suggest a possible synergistic effect between SCRAs and ethanol, because their combined use clearly increases their toxicity. The victim died due to severe necrotizing pancreatitis and acute kidney injury evolving into multi-organ failure 11 days after hospital admission . Studies have found no unequivocal synergistic effect between THC </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol at low or moderate ethanol doses [29, 30], but no data on high doses of ethanol are available</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Given that THC and ethanol act on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">same receptors</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data on their simultaneous use may yield important insights in this regard.<br>Fungus C. elegans <br>Methyl </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2S)</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2</ins>-(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[</ins>1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino)-3</ins>,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3-dimethylbutanoate (4F-MDMB-BINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BUTINACA or 4F-ADB</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found in numerous SCB product seizures</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">has been reported by various law enforcement since 2018 </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">most of the SCBs are full agonists at CB1 and CB2 receptors</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">having a higher risk of undesirable side effects when compared to THC which is a partial agonist . Synthetic cannabinoids (SCBs) are agonists at cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">type 2 (CB2), where they elicit their main effect</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

BillyTrego https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=148796&oldid=prev WilsonWaltman at 06:42, 27 May 2026 2026-05-27T06:42:09Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:42, 27 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figure 1. <br>Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, and the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Legal status <br>Briefly</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FOB test was comprised of several behavioral changes including catalepsy</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traction</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tremor</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convulsion</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exopthalmos</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">piloerection</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">salivation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lacrimation</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diarrhea</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">skin coloration</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pinna reflex, righting reflex</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The FOB test </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">performed using published procedures </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Moser </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1989</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some modifications. However</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">because </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their subjective properties, it is necessary to </del>set <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">up a more objective automated measurement to determine their neurotoxicity</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, there are only a couple of anecdotal reports suspecting the possibility of their neurotoxicity with no scientific evidence </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cohen </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; McGuinness and Newell</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; Harris </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Brown, 2013; Hermanns et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2013<br><br>4</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Drugs <br></del>Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds. All </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested in the present study depressed </del>locomotor activity <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min </del>as a function of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time (10 min bins) and </del>dose<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Depressant effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.<br>Michael B Gat<br><br><br>Separation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds was performed on a 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mm×100 mm</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1.7 </del>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column (Waters) with guard cartridge</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Measurements were performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Waters). During </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box</del>.<br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data concerning the combined </del>effects <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of SCRAs </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other substances </del>are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">highly limited, which renders forensic evaluation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possible overdose cases difficult . The threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level (0.37–4.1 ng/mL according to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported cases) </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cases in which 1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5–2.5 g/L </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol is </del>present <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood. The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs to </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">public</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism of synthetic cannabinoid 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA via high</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution mass spectrometry assessed </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cultured hepatoma cell line, fungus, liver microsomes and confirmed using urine samples. This article does not contain any studies with </del>human <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">participants or animals performed by any of the author</del><br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) are gaining popularity globally</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinicians have </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">understand that intoxication caused </del>by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">earlier that day just before the onset </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">his symptoms</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolic acidosis (</del>1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/3</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0/7) and respiratory acidosis (</del>1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/3</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, All 10 patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In 3 cases ADB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA was the only substance detected, while in seven other substances </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">misuse were also detected including other SCRA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">opioids</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">benzodiazepines cocaine </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pregabali<br><br>The presence of the product ion m/z 320</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">likely formed from a loss of carbon dioxide</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicated monohydroxylation at the tert-leucine in B8 (m/z 219), butyl side chain in B9 (m/z 145) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indazole moiety in B13 (m/z 161</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Figure 1. <br>Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min, and the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets. Thirty minutes prior to the training sessions, rats received an injection of either vehicle or Δ9-THC and were subsequently placed in the behavior-testing chambers, where food (45-mg food pellets; Bio-Serve, Frenchtown, NJ) was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses (FR10) on a designated injection appropriate lever. A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling and was illuminated only when the levers were active. Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX). Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">As previously mentioned</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds tested in the present study (MDMB-PINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHMICA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016; Gamage et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including abuse liabilit<br><br><br>When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable and is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected by point-of-care DOA tests. In this case</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the point-of-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect the synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC<br><br><br>Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay in mice</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Average potency of the discriminative stimulus effects of early compounds </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.81±0.17 mg/kg </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas the potency </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a recent </ins>set <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was 0.09±0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">03 mg/kg </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018)</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the potency of the current set is 0.05±0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">01 mg/kg</ins>. Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h, and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compound<br><br><br>A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression </ins>of locomotor activity <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first appeared </ins>as a function of dose<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, was used for analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose-response data </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">calculation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ED50 values</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During test sessions, both levers were active</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com/</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcement</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">appropriate responding on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two prior training sessions</ins>.<br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses and dose ranges of psychoactive </ins>effects<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which is useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments </ins>and are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also predictive of the time course </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">psychoactive effects </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">human users</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The purpose </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </ins>present <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">study was to assess </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA, MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA, </ins>MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Since there is currently no robust measure of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids, drug discrimination is currently </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans, and cannabinoids are well</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">known to produce active drug</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeking </ins>in human<br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the present study, we performed various methods based on animal behavioral testing including FOB test for general behavioral observation, rotarod test, locomotor activity test for motor function evaluation, and water-maze test for learning/memory evaluation. Known for its stability and consistent composition, this compound is frequently utilized by professionals seeking reliable materials for laboratory-based analytical studies. In this study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">histopathological evaluation was performed </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirm the possibility of neurotoxicity of the tested substances </ins>by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hematoxylin and eosin staining method from collected brain samples</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the present study, we evaluated the neurotoxicity of two synthetic cannabinoids </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH-081 and JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">through observation of various behavioral changes and analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">histopathological changes using experimental mice with various doses (0</ins>.1, 1, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Selecting powder JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 demands careful evaluation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">legality</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">supplier credibility. Prices for research-grade JWH-210 vary significantly based on quantity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purity</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vendor complianc</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

WilsonWaltman https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=148780&oldid=prev ISZCindy643869 at 03:46, 27 May 2026 2026-05-27T03:46:57Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:46, 27 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the present study, we performed various methods based on animal behavioral testing including FOB test for general behavioral observation, rotarod test, locomotor activity test for motor function evaluation</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">water-maze test for learning/memory evaluation</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Known for its stability and consistent composition, this compound is frequently utilized by professionals seeking reliable materials for laboratory-based analytical studies. In this study, histopathological evaluation was performed </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirm </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possibility </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neurotoxicity of the tested substances by hematoxylin </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">eosin staining method from collected brain samples. In </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">we evaluated the neurotoxicity of two synthetic cannabinoids </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">081 and JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">through observation of various behavioral changes and analysis of histopathological changes using experimental mice with various doses </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.1, 1, 5 mg/kg</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Selecting powder JWH-210 demands careful evaluation of purity, legality, </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">supplier credibility</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prices for research</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">grade JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 vary significantly based on quantity</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purity, and vendor complianc<br><br></del>Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During the death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug, and 18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette bo<br><br></del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression of locomotor activity first appeared as a function of dose</del>, was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">used for analysis </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose-response data and calculation of ED50 values. During test sessions</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both levers were active</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ discover this info here] reinforcement. The substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection-appropriate responding on the two prior training sessions.<br>The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses and dose ranges of psychoactive effects</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is useful for identifying parameters for drug discrimination experiments and are also predictive of the time course of the psychoactive effects in human users. The purpose of the present study was to assess the abuse liability of 5F-MDMB-PINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA. Since there is currently no robust measure of the reinforcing/rewarding effects of cannabinoids</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination is currently the best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids. The findings produce an apparent paradox</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking in human<br><br><br>These synthetic cannabinoids act directly at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) found in marijuana</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9-THC</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">different metabolism</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">often greater toxicity </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fantegrossi </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Discriminative stimulus effects were tested in rats trained </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3 mg/kg, 30-min pretreatment)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA (also known as 5F-ADB</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-ADB-PINACA)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-CHIMICA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB, MMB-FUBINACA) were tested for in vivo cannabinoid-like effects to assess their abuse liabilit</del><br><br>4. Drugs <br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In general</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 (Gatch et al., 2016), and 5F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB produced sustained vocalization </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convulsions in rats (Gatch et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2018). All </del>of the synthetic cannabinoids tested <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study fully substituted for the discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC. Subsequently</del>, a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one-way analysis </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal effect</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-freedom F tests</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A two-way analysis </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variance, with dose </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a between groups factor and time as a within subject factor</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was conducted on </del>horizontal activity counts/10 min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interval</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant </del>effects <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">act at the CB1 receptor</del>.<br>Michael B <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first 10 min, and maximal depression </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed between 0–30 min following administration</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed 30 minutes following </del>1 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">data not shown</del>). <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Substantial depressant effects </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed within </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first 10 min</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was observed between 10–40 min </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lasted up to 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 to 3 h at the discover this info here highest dose tested </del>(0.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 mg</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg</del>).<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>Figure 1</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>There </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indication that at least some of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">generation synthetic cannabinoids act at receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CB2 (Wiley et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2016), and a compound from </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, 5F-MDMB-PINACA, was found </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons (Asaoka et al</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 2016). As previously mentioned, all </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested in the present study (MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA, </del>MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHMICA, MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA) act as </del>agonists <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at CB1 receptors </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Banister et al., 2015, 2016; Gamage et al., 2018</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests these compounds will produce Δ9-THC-like effects, including abuse liability</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were not observed following AMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA during </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug discrimination study</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but the maximum dose tested was only </del>0<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>1 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which is </del>10-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose that produced tremors </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the mice.</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael B Gat</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. <br>Each training session lasted a maximum of 10 min</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the rats could earn up to 20 food pellets</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thirty minutes prior </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">training sessions, rats received an injection </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either vehicle or Δ9-THC </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were subsequently placed in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">behavior-testing chambers</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">where food </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">45</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg food pellets; Bio</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Serve, Frenchtown, NJ</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was available as a reinforcer for every ten responses </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FR10</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on a designated injection appropriate lever</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A houselight was centered over the hopper close to the ceiling </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was illuminated only when the levers were active</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Each dose range included doses that were without effect to those producing at least 50% depression compared to vehicle control. Twenty</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">four male Sprague</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Dawley rats were obtained from Envigo (Houston</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TX). </ins>Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo (Houston, TX) at approximately 8 weeks of age and maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center (UNTHSC) animal facility for two weeks prior to testin<br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Legal status </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Briefly</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the FOB test </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">comprised </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several behavioral changes including catalepsy</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">traction</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tremor</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convulsion</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">exopthalmos</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">piloerection</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">salivation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lacrimation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">diarrhea</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">skin coloration</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pinna reflex</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">righting reflex</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death. The FOB test was performed using published procedures </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Moser </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1989</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some modifications</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">However, because of their subjective properties, it is necessary to set up a more objective automated measurement </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">determine their neurotoxicity. However, there are only a couple of anecdotal reports suspecting the possibility of their neurotoxicity with no scientific evidence </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Cohen et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; McGuinness and Newell</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2012; Harris and Brown</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013; Hermanns et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2013</ins><br><br>4. Drugs <br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short-onset</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">short-acting compounds </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a greater abuse liability</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and long</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds pose problems of long</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting adverse effects </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interactions with other drugs</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration of action </ins>of the synthetic cannabinoids tested <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">using </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol have varied widely</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">duration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action between 1–2 h</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017). Average </ins>horizontal activity counts/10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant </ins>effects of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min</ins>.<br>Michael B <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gat<br><br></ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Separation of compounds </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">performed on a 2</ins>.1 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mm×100 mm, 1.7 [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com</ins>/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder] μm particle size ACQUITY Torus™ DIOL analytical column </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Waters</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with guard cartridge</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Measurements </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">performed by an ACQUITY UPC2 supercritical fluid chromatography system (Waters) coupled with a Xevo TQ-S Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (Waters). During </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">death scene examination, multiple cigarette butts without filters were found in an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles, an unopened box of nebivolol-containing drug</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18 g of unrecognizable herbal residue in a cigarette box.<br>Data concerning the combined effects of SCRAs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other substances are highly limited, which renders forensic evaluation of possible overdose cases difficult </ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The threshold SCRA concentration for fatal overdose can be estimated ng/mL level </ins>(0.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">37–4.1 ng</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL according to the reported cases</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in cases in which 1</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5–2</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 g/L of ethanol </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blood. The victims were brothers who were both found deceased after consuming 4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">These confusing shorter names were not scientifically adopted but were used by websites selling </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drugs </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the public</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Monitoring metabolism </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid 4F</ins>-MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA via high</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution mass spectrometry assessed in cultured hepatoma cell line</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fungus</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liver microsomes </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed using urine samples. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the author<br><br><br>As synthetic cannabinoid receptor </ins>agonists (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are gaining popularity globally</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinicians have to understand that intoxication caused by vaping SCRA is not detected by commonly available tests</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He confirmed that he had been vaping an electronic cigarette (e</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette) earlier that day just before </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset of his symptoms. Metabolic acidosis (1/3</ins>, 0<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/7) and respiratory acidosis (</ins>1/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3, 0/7)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>10 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">patients recovered with supportive care, including intubation and ventilation for one case. In 3 cases ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINACA was </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">only substance detected, while </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seven other substances of misuse were also detected including other SCRA, opioids, benzodiazepines cocaine and pregabali<br></ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The presence of the product ion m/z 320, likely formed from a loss of carbon dioxide, indicated monohydroxylation at the tert-leucine in B8 (m/z 219), butyl side chain in B9 (m/z 145) and indazole moiety in B13 (m/z 161</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

ISZCindy643869 https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=148777&oldid=prev BillyTrego at 03:45, 27 May 2026 2026-05-27T03:45:03Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:45, 27 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA </del>testing <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">results are inconclusive</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">additional testing with LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF-MS can be valuable </del>and is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be detected </del>by <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of-care DOA tests</del>. In this <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">case</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC<br><br><br>Although there were reports on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolism </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </del>using <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in-vivo and </del>various <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in-vitro models</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">studies were either conducted using small in-vivo sample size such as </del>1 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to 4 samples [</del>5, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prisons </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">although they are limited by the low-level expression of several metabolizing enzymes</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including the cytochrome P450 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CYP</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">class </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">proteins [17, 18]. In-vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these data using perfused organs, tissue or cell cultures </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HLM</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been frequently used </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are </del>found <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">extensively </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolized forms in urine</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the identification </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">metabolites is of vital importance for forensic </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clinical toxicologists. Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">these SCBs. The proliferation of SCBs has become </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug laws.</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. </del><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>All </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested in the present study depressed </del>locomotor activity <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min </del>as a function of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time (10 min bins) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose. Depressant effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects </del>were [https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed between 0–30 min</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Duration of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0.1 mg/kg to 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 h following 1 mg/k</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br>Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB-FUBINACA in the present study. Pretreatment times </del>and dose ranges for <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>drug discrimination <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assay were selected based on </del>the time of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depression in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor activity assay </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Average potency </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">early compounds was 0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">81±0.17 mg</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg (Gatch et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">whereas the potency of a recent set was 0.09±0.03 mg/kg </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gatch </del>et al., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018</del>)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and the potency of the current set is 0</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">05±0.01 </del>mg/kg. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset, short</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds have a greater abuse liability</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and long</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds pose problems of long</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. The duration of action of the synthetic cannabinoids tested using the 8</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol have varied widely</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h. There seems </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound</del><br><br>4. Drugs <br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interactions with other drugs</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration of action </del>of the synthetic cannabinoids tested <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">using </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol have varied widely</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with some producing </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action between 1–2 h</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity </del>as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al.</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2017). Average </del>horizontal activity counts/10 min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as a function </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">time (</del>10 min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bins) </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant effects of </del>1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.33 </del>mg/kg were observed within 10 min <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">following administration </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak depressant effects were </del>observed between <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0–30 </del>min.<br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael B Gat</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br>Similarly, precursor ion identified </del>at <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 380 </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B19/B21</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B23/B25</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was 16 Da higher than </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">indicating monohydroxylation at the butyl side chain </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B19/B21) and indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions m/z 145 and 161, respectively</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Metabolites identified at m/z 366 (B8</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B9, B13</del>), <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which was 16 Da higher than </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</del>-MDMB-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs have been reported [5</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">6</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</del>,<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">9]</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and this raises public health and social concerns. Due to their similar physiological effects to the principal psychoactive component of cannabis</del>, Δ9-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol (</del>THC<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs are gaining popularity and are often abused as recreational drugs</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The fact that similar 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA and ethanol concentrations were detected in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood samples of both victims suggests </del>that <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both substances played a role </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fatal outcom</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In the present study, we performed various methods based on animal behavioral </ins>testing <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including FOB test for general behavioral observation, rotarod test, locomotor activity test for motor function evaluation</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and water</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maze test for learning/memory evaluation. Known for its stability </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">consistent composition, this compound </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">frequently utilized </ins>by <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">professionals seeking reliable materials for laboratory</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">based analytical studies</ins>. In this <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">study</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">histopathological evaluation was performed to confirm </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">possibility of neurotoxicity </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested substances by hematoxylin and eosin staining method from collected brain samples. In the present study, we evaluated </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">neurotoxicity </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two synthetic cannabinoids (JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">081 and JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210) through observation of various behavioral changes and analysis of histopathological changes </ins>using <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">experimental mice with </ins>various <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doses (0.1</ins>, 1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>5 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mg/kg). Selecting powder JWH-210 demands careful evaluation of purity, legality</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">supplier credibility</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Prices for research-grade JWH-210 vary significantly based on quantity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">purity</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and vendor complianc<br><br>Male ND4 Swiss–Webster mice were obtained from Envigo </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Houston, TX</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at approximately 8 weeks </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">age </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maintained in the University of North Texas Health Science Center </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">UNTHSC</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animal facility for two weeks prior </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">testin<br><br>During the death scene examination</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">multiple cigarette butts without filters were </ins>found in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an ashtray; also found were alcohol bottles</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an unopened box </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nebivolol-containing drug, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18 g </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unrecognizable herbal residue in </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette bo</ins><br><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A 30-min period, beginning when maximal depression </ins>of locomotor activity <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first appeared </ins>as a function of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose, was used for analysis of dose-response data </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">calculation </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ED50 values</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">During test sessions, both levers </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">active, such that ten consecutive responses on either lever led to </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discover this info here</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reinforcement</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The substitution tests occurred only if the rats had achieved 85% injection-appropriate responding on </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">two prior training sessions</ins>.<br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The locomotor activity assay was used to identify approximate time courses </ins>and dose ranges <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of psychoactive effects, which is useful for identifying parameters </ins>for drug discrimination <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">experiments and are also predictive of </ins>the time <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">course </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">psychoactive effects </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">human users</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The purpose </ins>of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study was to assess the abuse liability </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB-PINACA, MDMB-CHIMICA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-FUBINACA, and AMB-FUBINACA</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Since there is currently no robust measure of the reinforcing</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rewarding effects of cannabinoids, drug discrimination is currently the best model for assessing abuse liability of cannabinoids</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The findings produce an apparent paradox, since CPP and self-administration predict with high reliability the likelihood that a compound will be abused by humans</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and cannabinoids are well-known to produce active drug-seeking in human<br><br><br>These synthetic cannabinoids act directly at cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors as does Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found in marijuana</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but have different chemical structures unrelated to Δ9-THC, different metabolism, and often greater toxicity </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fantegrossi </ins>et al., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Discriminative stimulus effects were tested in rats trained to discriminate Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (3 </ins>mg/kg<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 30-min pretreatment)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F-MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA (also known as 5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA), MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHIMICA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB, MMB-FUBINACA) were tested for in vivo cannabinoid-like effects </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">assess their abuse liabilit</ins><br><br>4. Drugs <br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In general, the locomotor depressant and discriminative stimulus effects have been observed at doses that do not produce adverse effects, although tremors were observed upon handling in mice that received JWH</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 (Gatch et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016)</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB produced sustained vocalization </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">convulsions in rats (Gatch et al., 2018)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">All </ins>of the synthetic cannabinoids tested <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in the present study fully substituted for </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects of Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">THC. Subsequently</ins>, a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one-way analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variance was conducted on horizontal activity counts for the 30-min period </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal effect</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">planned comparisons were conducted for each dose against the vehicle control using single degree-</ins>of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-freedom F tests</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A two-way analysis </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">variance, with dose as a between groups factor and time </ins>as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a within subject factor</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was conducted on </ins>horizontal activity counts/10 min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">interval. Locomotor activity in mice was tested to screen for locomotor depressant effects and to identify behaviorally-active dose ranges and times </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">peak effect. Previous studies have demonstrated that these compounds have chemical structures similar to synthetic cannabinoids known to have substantial abuse liability and act at the CB1 receptor.<br>Michael B Gatch <br>Substantial depressant effects were observed within the first </ins>10 min<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was observed between 0–30 min following administration</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed 30 minutes following </ins>1 mg/kg <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">AMB-FUBINACA in 3 of 8 mice (data not shown). Substantial depressant effects </ins>were observed within <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the first </ins>10 min<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">maximal depression was </ins>observed between <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10–40 </ins>min <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and lasted up to 2.5 to 3 h at the discover this info here highest dose tested (0.5 mg/kg)</ins>.<br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure 1. </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There is indication that at least some of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoids act </ins>at <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">receptors other than cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Wiley et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, and a compound from </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study, 5F</ins>-MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was found to activate midbrain dopamine neurons, but not serotonin neurons </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Asaoka et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. As previously mentioned</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all of the compounds tested in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study (MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PINACA, </ins>MDMB-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CHMICA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ADB-FUBINACA</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and AMB-FUBINACA) act as agonists at CB1 receptors (Banister et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2015</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2016; Gamage et al.</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which suggests these compounds will produce </ins>Δ9-THC<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-like effects</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including abuse liability</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were not observed following AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA during the drug discrimination study, but the maximum dose tested was only 0.1 mg/kg, which is 10</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fold lower than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose </ins>that <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">produced tremors </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice.<br>Michael B Gat</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

BillyTrego https://gate.unigre.it/mediawiki/index.php?title=5F-ADB_Wikipedia&diff=148741&oldid=prev BillyTrego at 03:29, 27 May 2026 2026-05-27T03:29:19Z

<p></p> <table class="diff diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:29, 27 May 2026</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Product ions detected at m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 302, 217</del>, and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">145 (B2) confirmed that tert</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leucine and indazole moieties remained unchanged, leading to the structure elucidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a hydroxy</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">functional group at the 4-position of the butyl side chain by oxidative defluorination</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The product ion m/z 336 (loss of methyl ester moiety) further confirmed the presence of dihydroxylated metabolites. The precursor ion</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m/z 364 (B14, B5/B6) had a loss of 2 Da from m/z 366 indicated further dehydrogenation of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ester hydrolysis plus monohydroxylated metabolites. The presence of the product ion m/z 320, likely formed from a loss </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carbon dioxide, indicated monohydroxylation at the tert</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leucine in B8 (m/z 219), butyl side chain in B9 (m/z 145) and indazole moiety in B13 (m/z 161). The precursor ion, m/z 350 showed a loss of 14 Da explaining </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrolysis of methyl ester from 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB-BINACA.</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig. 2. </del><br>4F-MDMB-BINACA <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">was hydrolysed via ester hydrolysis forming the 4F</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite (B22). Data obtained from the twenty urine samples </del>were <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">retrospectively analysed and processed </del>using <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">TraceFinder software based on the identification criteria of mass errors less than ± </del>5 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ppm for full MS peaks and MS/MS peaks from the theoretical mass </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">matching of MS/MS spectra</del>. The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mixture was vortex</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mixed and 500 µL </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this mixture and 500 µL of methanol were loaded onto the Clean Screen FASt® tube. After incubation</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mixture was cooled at room temperature</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and 150 µL of purified water was added</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">High</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resolution QTOF-MS </del>data <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were acquired on an Agilent 6510 Accurate Mass QTOF mass spectrometer </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Agilent Technologies</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">equipped with dual electrospray ionization (ESI) source operated </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both positive and negative ion modes</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to determine accurate masses </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the </del>metabolites. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chromatographic separation was performed on an Agilent 1290 LC system with </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Poroshell 120 EC-C18 analytical column (2.7 μm, 75 × 2.1 mm; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA)</del>.<br>Fig. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1. </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">This outcome was anticipated since CES-mediated hydrolysis </del>is <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">commonly </del>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder</del>] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reported as </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">major metabolic pathway among the SCBs impacting the terminal ester group </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Glucosides and sulfate metabolites have been reported with other SCBs where C. From these three samples, sample 2 contained only an ester hydrolysis metabolite (m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 350). Both ester hydrolysis followed by oxidative defluorination </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butanoic acid (B4, m/z 362) and monohydroxylation at tert-leucine moiety (B8, m/z 366) metabolites were found in 16/20 urine samples (Table </del>2<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A In-vitro metabolites observed in common among respective seven most abundant metabolites in b C. The product ion detected at m</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">z 235, indicating loss of sulfate, confirmed the identity of the sulfation metabolite.</del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fungus C. elegans </del><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations of 4F-MDMB</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </del>in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood samples were 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">50 </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2.34 ng/mL, which are </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">line with published data</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lethal dose </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F-MDMB-BINACA is unknown, its concentration in postmortem blood samples </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">found to range between </del>0.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10 and 2</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">90 ng</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In SCRA-related cases in which the deceased suffered from heart disease</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCRA concentration in the postmortem blood </del>was <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">less than 1 ng</del>/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mL </del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Concentrations of SCRAs in postmortem cases cover a wide range ; however</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some reports of survival have also been published—even at relatively high blood SCRA concentrations [19</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">20<br><br><br>LC separates </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">urine or blood sample and QTOF-MS provides high-resolution and accurate mass measurements for precise identification and structural elucidation </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">compounds</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS method offers </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">more comprehensive </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sensitive approach for drug detection, covering hundreds </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recreational </del>drugs<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, including NPS</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Besides increasing </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">temperature to enlarge </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">drug aerolisation and bioavailability, one can elevate the flow rate of air through the e</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cigarette and/or add a diluent . Of all e-cigarette users registered at this forum, 7.8 % vaped SCRAs . About 15 % of individuals registered at forums for drug users such as erowid.org who vaped cannabis </del>have <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">also vaped SRCAs. SCRAs belong</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">together </del>with <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic opioids</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cathinones</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">amphetamines </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hallucinogens </del>to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that are currently developed at high speed.</del><br> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Data availabili</del><br><br> The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">chemical structures </del>of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">recent </del>synthetic cannabinoids <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are unlike that </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Δ9-THC</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but are largely based on </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">structure of older </del>synthetic cannabinoids <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that are known to have substantial abuse liability </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fig</del>. 1<br><br><br><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS represents a significant advancement in </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">field of drug detection</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">offering higher sensitivity</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">specificity</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and a broader spectrum of detectable substances. Despite all negative results in the point-of-care test for recreational drugs</del>, the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">liquid chromatography</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">quadrupole time</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of-flight mass spectrometry </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LC-QTOF-MS</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">analysis showed that the liquid of the e-cigarette contained ADB-BUTINACA</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a synthetic cannabinoid</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">We report a 27-year-old man who was admitted </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">emergency room because </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sudden JWH</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">210 powder headache</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">nausea, vertigo, red eyes and palpitations. Synthetic cannabinoids </del>are gaining popularity <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">globally </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">detection is not commonly available</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br> Data availability <br>When clinical presentation and/or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive, additional testing with LC</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">QTOF</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MS can be valuable </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is recommended. SCRAs and other NPS may not be </del>detected <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">by point-of-care DOA tests. In this case, </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-</del>of<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">-care DOA urine screening was not able to detect </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid ADB-BUTINAC</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">When clinical presentation and</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or initial DOA testing results are inconclusive</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">additional testing with LC-QTOF-MS can be valuable and is recommended. SCRAs </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">other NPS may not be detected by point</ins>-of-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">care DOA tests</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In this case</ins>, the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">point-</ins>of-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">care DOA urine screening was not able to detect </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoid ADB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BUTINAC<br></ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Although there were reports on the metabolism of </ins>4F-MDMB-BINACA <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">using in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vivo and various in</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vitro models, studies </ins>were <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">either conducted </ins>using <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">small in-vivo sample size such as 1 to 4 samples [</ins>5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 29] or in closed environments such as forensic psychiatric wards </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">prisons </ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hepatic cell line HepG2 is often used as an initial screen as it is known to produce high reproducibility results with relatively stable enzyme concentration, although they are limited by the low</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">level expression </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">several metabolizing enzymes</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">including </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cytochrome P450 (CYP) class of proteins [17</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18]</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">vitro metabolism studies are generally used to complement these </ins>data <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">using perfused organs, tissue or cell cultures and microsomal preparations amongst which pooled human liver microsomes </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">HLM</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have been frequently used to elucidate metabolism of SCBs [12,13,14,15,16]. Since most SCBs are found extensively in metabolized forms </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">urine</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the identification </ins>of metabolites <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is of vital importance for forensic and clinical toxicologists</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Identifying SCB intake and its correlating specific adverse effects require rapid elucidation of these SCBs. The proliferation of SCBs has become </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">global challenge as new compounds are rapidly introduced into the illegal drug market to evade existing drug laws</ins>.<br>Fig. <br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br><br>All of the compounds tested in the present study depressed locomotor activity as </ins>is <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">typical for other synthetic cannabinoids (see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose. Depressant effects of 1.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were </ins>[https://cannabinoidsrc4f-adb.com/ <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://cannabinoidsrc4f</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">adb.com</ins>] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">observed between 0–30 min. Duration of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">locomotor depression increased over dose from 30 min following 0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg </ins>to 2.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5 h following 1 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">k<br></ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tremors were observed in mice 30 minutes following 1 mg/kg AMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">FUBINACA </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Pretreatment times </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dose ranges for the drug discrimination assay were selected based on the time of peak depression in the locomotor activity assay </ins>in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mice</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Average potency of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">discriminative stimulus effects </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">early compounds </ins>was 0.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">81±0</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">17 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg (Gatch et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2014), whereas </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potency of a recent set </ins>was <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0.09±0.03 mg</ins>/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">kg (Gatch et al</ins>., <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2018)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">potency </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the current set is 0.05±0.01 mg/kg</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">onset, short</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">acting compounds have </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">greater abuse liability, </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long-acting compounds pose problems </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other </ins>drugs. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The duration of action of </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">synthetic cannabinoids tested using </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">8</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">h protocol </ins>have <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">varied widely</ins>, with <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others producing a duration of action between 1–2 h</ins>, and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">others lasting more than 2 h. There seems </ins>to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compound</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4. Drugs </ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Short-onset, short-acting compounds have a greater abuse liability, and long-acting compounds pose problems of long-acting adverse effects and interactions with other drugs. </ins>The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">duration of action </ins>of the synthetic cannabinoids <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tested using the 8-h protocol have varied widely, with some producing a duration of action no longer than 1 h, others producing a duration </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">action between 1–2 h</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and others lasting more than 2 h. There seems to be a trend of newer synthetic cannabinoids being more potent than earlier compounds. All of the compounds tested in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present study depressed locomotor activity as is typical for other </ins>synthetic cannabinoids (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">see review by Wiley et al., 2017). Average horizontal activity counts/10 min as a function of time (10 min bins) and dose</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Depressant effects of </ins>1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.33 mg/kg were observed within 10 min following administration and peak depressant effects were observed between 0–30 min.</ins><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Michael B Gat</ins><br><br><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><br>Similarly, precursor ion identified at m/z 380 (B19/B21, B23/B25) was 16 Da higher than the 4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA, indicating monohydroxylation at </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">butyl side chain (B19/B21) and indazole (B23/B25) moieties with product ions m/z 145 and 161</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">respectively. Metabolites identified at m/z 366 (B8</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B9</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B13)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">which was 16 Da higher than </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA ester hydrolysis metabolite </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">B22</ins>), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">confirmed monohydroxylation upon ester hydrolysis. Death involving these drugs have been reported [5,6,7,8,9], and this raises public health and social concerns</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Due to their similar physiological effects </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">principal psychoactive component </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">cannabis, Δ9</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">SCBs </ins>are gaining popularity and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are often abused as recreational drugs</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The fact that similar 4F</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MDMB</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">BINACA </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ethanol concentrations were </ins>detected <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">postmortem blood samples </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">both victims suggests that both substances played a role in </ins>the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fatal outcom</ins></div></td></tr>  </table>

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